La biochimie de nos jours a pénétré dans tous les phénomènes biologiques s'intéressant à l'échelle moléculaire au processus de toutes les fonctions cellulaires et subcellulaires. Elle constitue la base de la biologie moléculaire. Le but de ce module sera d'expliquer et de comprendre comment les molécules s'organisent et interagissent les unes avec les autres pour perpétuer l'état vivant. Pour cela trois aspects sont développés:
1. Faire l'inventaire des composés biologiques (glucides, lipides, protéines et acides nucléiques). L'étude de la structure de la macromolécule constitue la biochimie descriptive.
2. Etudier les voies de formation et de dégradation de ces macromolécules dans les cellules vivantes: c'est la biochimie métabolique.
3. Etudier les mécanismes réactionnels qui font intervenir des catalyseurs, c'est l'enzymologie.
Abstract
Biochemistry or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating
to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be
divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and metabolism. Over the last
decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living
processes through these three disciplines. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being
uncovered and developed through biochemical methodology and research. Biochemistry
focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to
the processes that occur within living cells and between cells, in turn relating greatly to the
understanding of tissues and organs, as well as organism structure and function. Biochemistry
is closely related to molecular biology, which is the study of the molecular mechanisms of
biological phenomena
Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, bonding, functions, and interactions of
biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. They
provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The
chemistry of the cell also depends upon the reactions of small molecules and ions. These can
be inorganic (for example, water and metal ions) or organic (for example, the amino acids,
which are used to synthesize proteins). The mechanisms used by cells to harness energy from
their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of
biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition and agriculture. In medicine,
biochemists investigate the causes and cures of diseases. Nutrition studies how to maintain
health and wellness and also the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists
investigate soil and fertilizers. Improving crop cultivation, crop storage, and pest control are
also goals.
- Enseignant: MEROUANE Abdelaziz