Plateforme Pédagogique - Université Hassiba Ben Bouali de Chlef - Algérie

What Is Geopolitics?

          Investors study geopolitics and geopolitical risk because they can have a material impact on investment outcomes. These relations affect key drivers of investment performance, including economic growth, business performance, market volatility, and transaction costs.    

          Geopolitics is the study of how geography affects politics and international relations. Within the field of geopolitics, analysts study actors—the individuals, organizations, companies, and national governments that carry out political, economic, and financial activities—and how they interact with one another. State actors can be cooperative or non-cooperative. A country may want to cooperate with its neighbors or with other state actors for many reasons. These reasons are typically defined by a country’s national interest—its goals and ambitions—whether they be military, economic, or cultural.  The cooperation and engagement among countries is also affected by its resource endowment, standardization of the rules of engagement, and cultural factors and soft power. A country’s national interest can be viewed as a hierarchy of factors, with those essential for survival at the top of the hierarchy and nice but-not-essential elements lower in the hierarchy. Governments use the hierarchy of interests to guide their behavior.   Political cooperation versus non-cooperation is only one lens through which geopolitical actors engage with the world, but it is an important one for understanding countries’ priorities.

Vocabulary:

WHAT IS A MUNICIPALITY,

How does the Algerian law describe the powers of a municipality?

What are the main services of a municipality?

Examples.

Vocabulary.

Political Sciences Department

3^rd year –  LOCAL ADMINISTRATION             Monday, october 13^th, 2025

The council is the main representative organ of local government. A council is  an essential part of every unit of local representative government. The role of the council as a representative body varies with the evolution and the mechanics of the processes of local government in each country. The degree to which a local unit has a representative government depends largely on two factors. The one factor is the extent to which the membership of a council represents and is answerable to the public, and the other factor is the extent to which the council has the authority and power to define local policy objectives and to have these objectives implemented (Humes & Martin, 1969:

80-81 ).

A unit of local representative government has one or more representative organs with some authority to govern. Almost invariably one of these organs is the council, which offers the opportunity to discuss and give advice on local issues, but also has the responsibility for making decisions authorizing or directing the local staff to perform tasks. The council makes decisions by such acts as passing the budget, enacting ordinances and by-laws and making or approving appointments (Humes & Martin, 1969:82). The council approves and in many cases amends proposals submitted to it, and generally may take the initiative in making proposals. A council with decisive authority may take decisions regarding matters of overall policy objectives or of relatively more minor matters concerning the routine co-ordination of staff (Humes & Martin, 1969: 82).

Vocabulary: